Civil Disobedience as a Form of Protest - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 874 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Disobedience Essay Did you like this example? There has been a long debate about civil disobedience in our country. Is it an appropriate response to things that we do not like? Or should we never engage in it? Depending who you ask, some may argue its ok when there is a need for change, whiles others state that we should never resort to civil disobedience. Those who agree with cultural relativism will side with the idea that civil disobedience is never an appropriate response. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Disobedience as a Form of Protest" essay for you Create order Jessalyn like all who agree with cultural relativism argue that civil disobedience is wrong as our society creates a set of laws or norms and as a society have agreed to these and expect everyone to follow them (CITATION). Jessalyn sides with cultural relativism which means that she find the anthem protests morally wrong.Cultural relativism is one of the theories used by philosophers to try to understand morality, or in other words, what is right and wrong. Cultural relativism states that there are no universal or objective moral codes. What is considered right or wrong is determined by culture you are in (CITATION). With cultural relativism you cannot judge one culture over another by saying that one is better than another and you cannot compare cultures to look at progress or regression (CITATION). Since our society has created these laws and social norms Jessalyn and cultural relativists believe that any action that goes against these laws and norms are wrong.Civil disobedience is the deliberate act of breaking the law, in a non-violent manner. It is usually done in order to attempt to bring about change. According to John Rawls, an American philosopher, there are five specific criteria that must be met in order for an event to be classified as civil disobedience (CITATION). First, it must be public. Others need to know that you intent to participate in an event. Second, it needs to be non-violent. Once it becomes violent, you are looking at revolutionary actions rather than civil disobedience. Third, it has to morally motived or be a conscientious breach of law. Finally, the event is intended to produce a change and those who are involved understand that there will be consequences for their actions but chose to engage anyway. In the case of kneeling for the flag, it does not go against any law but it does go against the social norm for our culture. For this reason, some may see this as an act of civil disobedience. When the national anthem is playing you are expected to stand and face the flag as a sign of respect for the flag and what it represents for our country. Not standing for the flag is a sign of disrespect in the minds of some. Since this goes against expected social norms, Jessalyn believes that this protest is wrong. The anthem protest is bei ng used to bring awareness about police brutality, specifically against African-Americans. There has been numerous instances of young black men being killed by police officers and there are some who believe that these are racially motivated. While it is important to follow the rules and laws of our society, what happens when the laws or social norms are wrong? Are we supposed to just accept it police brutality against other citizens or should be try to bring awareness to it and try to change what is happening? Are there examples of civil disobedience that have brought about social progress? While Jessalyn and others believe that cultural relativism would tell us that all instances of civil disobedience is wrong, these questions should make Jessalyn look at whether cultural relativism gives us the correct perspective on civil disobedience. One example to show how civil disobedience brought a change is to look at the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr organized sit-ins, marches, and boycotts to lead a social change in response the segregation laws. While he doesnt condone acting against all laws he states that we have a moral obligation to act against unjust laws (CITATION). He also believed that non-violent dire ct action was the only way to elicit change to these laws and direct defiance of these laws are justified (CITATION). He did not initially go to civil disobedience, but rather tried other ways to communicate the need for change. After they proved in effective, he resorted to direction action. In the eyes of a cultural relativist, Martin Luther King was wrong. Take a moment to think about what our society would look like today had he and others so involved with the civil rights movement did not do what they did. It is not hard to picture what it would look like.The civil rights moment was one of the many examples in our countrys history to show positive outcomes from civil disobedience. You can also look at the suffragette movement to see how those involved secured voting rights for women. Look at the actions by those of the Boston Tea Party to protested again England and led to the Revolutionary War and the independence for our country. Looking at these examples from a cultural relativist perspective Jessalyn would feel that all of these examples are morally wrong and if they wanted change, they should have done it through other means.

Culture And The Asian Culture - 1380 Words

Culture plays an important role in many of the addictions that people succumb to. As clinicians, it is important for us to be aware of the implication that culture has on diagnosing addictions and treating the addiction. In order to treat clients more effectively we should have some knowledge about specific cultures and their relation to some compulsive behaviors or addictions. For this assignment, I decided to explore the Asian culture in relation to gambling. Many studies have shown that the Asian culture account for a significant population seen in casinos and the gambling world. In this paper I will explore how cultural factors might impact specific behaviors. In addition, I will examine how a culture may impact the treatment process in order to gain more information for future work with this population. Gambling his been around for hundreds of years. Gambling is the wagering of money or something of material value on an event with uncertain outcome with the primary intent on winning additional money or material goods. This can be seen in horse racing, card games, and many other avenues where betting is involved. Gambling addiction is similar to a substance addiction in many ways. Problematic gambling can involve repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back or stop gambling, feelings of restlessness, irritability when attempting to stop or cut down gambling habits, and the diminished ability to resist the impulse to gamble despite serious consequencesShow MoreRelatedCulture Sensitivity And The Asian Culture1076 Words   |  5 PagesCulture sensitivity, or cultural competency, is the knowledge that allow workers to recognize or value different cultures and differences other than their own, to give them the ability to respond efficiently to various cultural needs (Denisco Bark er, 2015). 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They use a practice called Ying and yang which is hot and cold. The use of natural plants for treatment of illness is common practice in Asian culture. Good nutrition plays a big part is their health. A diet mostly fish and vegetables is the healthyRead MoreRice and Asian Culture752 Words   |  3 PagesRice and Asian Culture In 1990, the rice is grown around 520 million tons in 112 countries and 95 percent of them were produced and consumed in Asia (Chang). The rice in Asian culture is not just cereal, but it’s part of their lives. It serves their meal almost everyday on their dining table. Oryza sativa is a species of monocot plants and known as Asian rice. The grain was spread started from South Asia to Southeast Asia and East Asia. South Asia South Asia is the region that the rice was originated

Ecology in Relation to Ecocriticism Free Essays

Whatever human beings do to the ecosystem have the reflections back. If man does not harm nature, the nature keeps him safe. Ecological concerns have become the centre of today’s discussion. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecology in Relation to Ecocriticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature has been responding to the world with its various changes throughout ages. Literary writers have made enormous contributions in representing the world, analyzing its various changes and projecting perspectives in various forms in order to entertain and enlighten the global masses. Though common population was aware of the hazards in the ecosystem to some extend, the dietary writers spurred them through their works. The literary writers started relating the environment with humans and named the study â€Å"Criticisms†. A theoretical analysis of criticisms is being dealt in this article. â€Å"We abuse the land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong we begin to use it with love and respect. † – Aledo Leopold Now-a-days, almost all people have turned their attention towards the planet of life, the earth. The ecosystem which accommodates human beings acts reflexively. Whatever unmans do to the Mother Earth, have the deeds reflected on them. A sudden attraction towards the ecosystem came about when scientists found a hole in the ozone layer. Then the people began probing the planet more and more. They became more conscious of the environment in which they live. The word â€Å"semiconscious† was coined in 1988. Merriment’s dictionary defines â€Å"CEO-consciousness† as marked by or showing concern for the environ meet. When people slowly started understanding what is happening to the ecosystem where they live, they started relating the ecological study -? which considered the ecological problems like pollution, global warming, etc. – to literature. There emerged a new field of study over the last three decades. It was not until the end of the twentieth century that the study of literature and the environment was recognized as a subject to rise. The literary people named it â€Å"Criticisms† or â€Å"Environmental Literary Criticism†. This study addresses how humans relate to the nonhuman nature. A theoretical approach states that criticisms grows out of the traditional approach to literature. Though Criticisms† became a subject heading in the Library of Congress list of â€Å"Authorities† in 2002, it is not yet listed in the Oxford English Dictionary. However many words prefixed â€Å"CEO† are listed among them like â€Å"coefficients† â€Å"economics†, etc. The prefix â€Å"CEO† has its root in the Greek word â€Å"kiosks† which meant â€Å"house†. The Oxford English Dictionary cites the German â€Å"ecologic† as the first appearance of â€Å"ecology† in 1876, which meant â€Å"the branch of biology that deals with the relationships be;en living organisms and their environment. Criticisms was defined as the conflation of ecology and criticism. Criticisms is the criticism of the â€Å"house†, the environment as represented in literature. How to cite Ecology in Relation to Ecocriticism, Papers

Painting Review Currys Tornado Over Kansas Essay Example For Students

Painting Review: Currys Tornado Over Kansas Essay In the distance you can see a few roses running around in panic because of the approaching tornado, In the background there is a large funnel cloud that is approaching. There are no other houses or buildings in the background, other than two different barns that are also a part toothier farm. The father is obviously in charge tooth situation. You can tell because he is leading the children to the entrance to the cellar and the mother, who is already at the entrance, is looking back at him. The second painting is a still life painting by the artist Severing Rosen, who is lived to be born in Germany but became famous in America. He is known for his still life paintings. The piece located at the Muskegon Museum of Art is a small arrangement of fruit on a table. The background is a plain grey color and the table that the fruit is all sitting on is a dark grayish black marble one. In the center of the picture is the display of fruit. The arrangement of fruit appears to have a light shone on it, causing it to stand out even more against the dark table and background. There are both white and black grapes, peaches, a pear, two lumps, some small red berries and some leaves on a stem that am assuming are part of a grape vine. Some of the leaves are completely green, others are like those in the fall that are on their way from green to red. Every color is present in the picture is present. White grapes, the red berries and the red on the edges of the leaves, orange in the leaves and on the peaches, yellow in the leaves and the peaches, the green stems and the leaves sprouting from them, blue and purple in the grapes that fades into the same shade of black that is the table. The third painting the called View of Venice is an American painting, The painting is from the point view of someone looking at the city of Venice from afar. To the right there are a few other boats that are also facing the city. These boats are a bright gold color which is also seen in the church. The church is easily the largest thing in the picture, even though it is not necessarily the front most item in the picture. The church is the largest and tallest thing in the picture. Beyond the boats you can see the cityscape, where all of the buildings are lined up next o one another, all to the very edge of the water. None of the buildings come close to the height of even the main part of the church, let alone the dome and the tower, Starting from the far right the buildings are small and get larger as they get closer to the church and after the church they decrease in size until the edge of the page. All of the men in the boats are looking toward the land with undivided attention. The sky and water are both a uniquely bright blue. Everything that you see in in the picture is reflected in the Water.

Feed My Starving Children free essay sample

There are many organizations trying to help less fortunate people. One organization called Feed My Starving Children is dedicated to the children who are starving all over the world. Their mission is to try to eliminate starvation in children throughout the world by helping to install compassion in people to hear and respond to the cries of those in need. Feed My Starving Children was started by a Minnesota business man after he saw devastating hunger on a mission trip to Honduras. It was founded in 1987. The first shipment of food was made in 1991. Feed My Starving Children helps out children that are in need of food and nourishment all around the world. They wish to end world hunger. One can volunteer by donating money for the food that goes to the children. A single meal only costs 24 cents. Also, one can help package the meals that get shipped out to the different countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Feed My Starving Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My personal interest in this organization is that I love children and I think that it is important to end world hunger. Feed My Starving Children is very inspiring to me, and I hope that I can contribute to helping this organization in the near future. Feed My Starving Children has produced over 124 million meals for the hungry. The meals are nutritional and made with rice, soy, vegetables, vegetarian based chicken flavoring, and a vitamin and mineral mix. In 2010, Feed My Starving Children had over 515,000 volunteers that helped package the food. 93% of the total donations go directly toward the food. The other 7% goes to fundraising and administration. To conclude, Feed My Starving Children has helped make the world a greater place. The food has given the hungry strength and importance to the meaning of life. This organization has fed millions and saved tons of lives. Feed My Starving Children has a big impact on the world today!

Government Accountability Office Suggests Improvements to Regional VA Claims Processing

Government Accountability Office Suggests Improvements to Regional VA Claims Processing Government Accountability Office Suggests Improvements to Regional VA Claims Processing Each year, the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) processes more than one million compensation claims, which provide $65 billion in benefits. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) suggested recommendations to improve the processing performance. The GAOs full report appears here.About the ReportThe report examines how the VBA manages workload performance, how the VBA reports timeliness and accuracy and how well offices communicate with each other. For this report, the GAO reviewed procedures, visited regional offices and interviewed staff. GAO also interviewed caseworkers regarding communications.The FindingsGAO found gaps in VBA guidance regarding when processors should fix errors by other offices or return claims for correction, noting timeliness and accuracy measures do not adequately capture performance. Officials acknowledge measures are limited, and say they are exploring alternatives. However, VBA has no specific timeframe to implement new measures.Recommendations for Improvement Clarify how representatives should handle claims when they identify an error, including when to defer claims and when to correct errors on their own Develop and implement a new regional office performance measure that allows it to better assess each regional offices timeliness over a period of time Develop and implement a new regional office performance measure that allows it to better measure the accuracy of each regional offices performance Evaluate policies for regional office communications with VSOs to ensure it is clear, aligns with practices and meets the communication needs of VSOs Develop and implement a feedback mechanism from congressional caseworkers on their communications with regional offices regarding claimsWe Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive co uld impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the Social Security Disability and Veterans Disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment; call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s experienced disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Government Accountability Office, Michigan Veterans Benefit Lawyer, Veterans Benefits

Performance of the City Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance of the City Council - Essay Example The essay "Performance of the City Council" entails to find out the satisfaction level of the people for the performance of their city councils and discusses the research that has been conducted from the community to derive the convenience level with the council’s performance. Almost 25 years ago in the developed countries, the citizen’s engagement with the local government was through the electoral process. The representatives were elected through and were left to do their job. But since then there has been a decline in the trend of the local authority elections and has been shifted towards postal voting and amalgamation. The declining trend has led to the decrease trust in the local government. As Russell suggests that the government has to encourage the participation in elections and recommended that there should be a focused intervention between the council size and the representation ratio in order to improve the voter turnout. A Recent European study suggests that the citizens may be changing their preference in engagement towards the city council. The citizens are demanding better services from the local government and they are more willing than before to act and debate because the traditional democracy is declining. The changing attitudes in the attitude of the citizens have also resulted in the roles and functioning of the city councils. The increase in the decentralization and the involvement from the citizen’s part is enhancing a strong emphasis of citizen decision-making.

Strategic Issues in the United Kingdom (UK) Essay

Strategic Issues in the United Kingdom (UK) - Essay Example This means that the questions are meant to address the issue pertaining the dynamism in the brewing sector as well as the implications of the maturity stage. They should neither be vague nor ambiguous. Secondly, the research questions should be very specific; this means that they should focus on a narrow topic that will help facilitate achievement of results that are reliable and can be used to solve a real world problem. Thirdly, the research question should present the purpose why the research is to be conducted; in this case it is clear that the effects of the research will help find a way forward on the brewing industry in the United Kingdom. Fourthly, the research question should present a realistic situation that is capable of being addressed in the research. Even if the research were to be funded, one will find the conviction to do so as it is clear from the research question. Finally, the scope of the research question should be within the testable range of the variables. Que stion 3 Requirement for primary data There should be a requirement for collection of primary data. In the case scenario of the brewing sector, the reports by the UK Monopolies & Mergers Commission will provide very useful information in elucidating the provisions of the law and the trends in the sector. Other primary information required include the legislations, regulations, policies, contracts, and other first-hand information that may be beneficial for the research. Question 4 Structure of the methodology Firstly, the problem under research is identified. The trends in the brewing industry have demonstrated a lot of dynamism. The problem comes in when one desires to know the sources of the dynamic changes as well as the best way to resolve them using the most appropriate strategies. After problem identification, secondly, gathering of information about the problem by the researcher is done by interviewing the commissioners of the UK Monopolies & Mergers Commission and getting inf ormation from books, magazines, newspapers among other available documents. Thirdly, the development of a concrete problem statement is done. The statements that have been developed are objective, testable and purpose driven hence making the research have a sense of direction. Fourthly, the hypotheses are formulated, for example in the case scenario we can make an hypothesis such as, ‘the UK Monopolies & Mergers Commission is the major contributor to the changes and instability in the brewing sector’ Fifthly, The hypothesis is tested and if the data supports it then relevant conclusions are made. After the analysis of the available data collected from various sources, conclusions are made. A lot of work is required in the collection of data so that authentic and comparable data is realized. Question 5 Timelines for the project The initial processes are more theoretical hence require little time. Developing the problem comes automatically because the research looks at pr oviding a solution to a trending issue; in this case we are establishing what is ailing the brewing sector. A review of literature helps develop the research questions. Composing the research question is a simple process that is devoid of many processes. All this can be done within a period of three days. Further to this, the most daunting task is the collection of facts from the ground about the

Revolutionary Visions of St. John De Crevecoeur, Thomas Paine, and Essay

Revolutionary Visions of St. John De Crevecoeur, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson - Essay Example This paper stresses that he was the first European to develop a considered view of the new American character and the first to exploit the â€Å"melting pot† image of America. He portrayed how different people in America came together as one and tolerated one another despite their differences in cultures and religions. He also helped in defining â€Å"who is an American?† a question that was bringing a lot of controversies. In one of the passages of What is an American, he asks: â€Å"What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country†. He could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations....Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day ca use changes in the world. He defined an American as any person leaves all his ancient manners and prejudices behind him and receives new ones from the new ways of life he or she has embraced. Basically, according to him an American is a person who is dedicated, open minded to the changing ideas of the times and willing to work hard to develop the newly created country, America. Thomas Paine has been deemed as the most controversial leader of the American Revolution.

The A320 Is The First Launched Engineering Essay

The A320 Is The First Launched Engineering Essay In this assignment, I was selected one civil aircraft which is A320-200. Generally, the family of A320 consists are A318, A319, A320 and A321. I would like to prefer A320-200 because of the aircraft is better than other variants. This aircraft was manufactured as commercial passengers jet airliner by Airbus. The A320 is best-selling aircraft since launched and received a lot of order around the world especially from Europe and Asia. The aircraft was designed a short body and narrow compared to another variants. It also is able to accommodate up to 220 passengers which are consists 150 seating in two class cabin and up to 180 seating in high density layout for a low cost. The advantage is this aircraft used digital fly-by-wire control systems. This system used electronic interface to replaces the manual flight control. The replacement of the control systems are for protected airframe structural to obtain higher safety, to reduce pilot workload and also to make aircraft stability and s moothness during flight. The A320 is the first launched among the A320 family in March 1984. The first flight in 22 February 1987 and introduce by Air France in 28 March 1988. The A320 families typically used digital fly-by-wire control systems and control the aircraft by joystick at side-stick usually on right hand side, in commercial aircraft. Since the introduction A320 family, Airbus industry gets many order form airliners in total 5 323 aircraft that have been delivered before August 2012. The first faster selling aircraft in the world had been recorded from 2005 to 2007. The development A320 by airbus industries are able to compete with latest aircraft such as Boeing 737, 717, 757 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80. The range A320-200 usually is about 3 300 nautical miles with 150 passengers on board. It is can accommodate up to 220 passengers and the capacity of cargo is about 37.41 m3. The aircraft length and wingspan which are 37.57 m and 34.01 m. A320-200 offered with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 73 500 kg, maximum landing weight of 64 500 kg, maximum zero fuel weight of 61 000 kg and empty operating weight 42 100 kg. The two engines used are CFMI CFM56-5s or IAE V2500s and the thrust between 113 to 120 kN. The minimum cruise speed that the aircraft can fly is about 811 km/h and the maximum cruise speed is 875 km/h. The maximum capacity of fuel that able to accommodate is 53 699 kg. The more specification and performance of this aircraft it shows in the table below. A320-200 Fuselage width: 3.96 m Fuselage height: 6 m Fuselage length: 37.57 m Cabin length: 27.51 m Cabin width: 3.7 m Cabin height: 2.13 m Empty operating 42 100 kg Max Zero Fuel 61 000 kg Max Takeoff Weight 73 500 kg Max Landing Weight 64 500 kg Max fuel capacity 53 699 kg Normal cruise 811 km/h Max cruise 875 km/h Max ceiling 12 131 m Take off field length 2 158 m Landing field length 1 899 m Seating capacity 180 Cargo capacity 37.41 m3 Engines IAE V2500 series or CFM International CFM56-5 series Thrust 111-120 kN The specification of A320-200 Pre-flight Preflight is the first phase before they can start a journey. There have several procedures in airport before the aircraft can takeoff. Preflight it also known as push back or taxi out. The aircraft is pushed backward away from the gates by tugs. Tug is vehicles that used to push the aircraft. After the aircraft get out from its gate, then the aircraft move to runway flow by taxiway. The movements of aircraft through taxiway at very slow speed and they require clearance before the aircraft make a movement. Based on this assignment, I have chosen one civil aircraft A320-200 and the destination of flight from origin Kuala Lumpur International Airport to Jakarta Airport. Before flight, the maximum of payload must be calculated. Below is the calculation maximum payload that the A320-200 is able to carry. Max Takeoff Weight (MTOW) : 73 500 kg Max Landing Weight (MLW) : 64 500 kg Max Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) : 61 000 kg Dry Operating Weight : 42 100 kg Flight distance : 1 144 km Mean speed : 811 km/h Fuel flow : 2 600 kg/h Reserve fuel : 13425 kg The calculation of maximum payload that the aircraft is able to carry Flight time : : Flight fuel : : Payload during takeoff : : Payload during landing : : Payload of MZFW : : As the aircraft can operate safely, the lowest total payload based on that calculation is chosen. So, the maximum payload that the aircraft is able to carry is 8 975 kg. Take-off After calculated of maximum payload that the aircraft is able to carried, the aircraft will proceed to takeoff. When the pilot ready to takeoff and approved clearance by Air Traffic Control, the aircraft may continue action by release the aircraft brake, forward the throttle and increase slightly. The A320-200 required takeoff distance is about 2 158 m. The lift created because of movement of air through the aerodynamic wings will produce difference pressure which the pressures below the wing get high pressure than above the wings. When the aircraft reached takeoff speed within 180 mph and the higher pressure at below both of wings obtained, then the lift produce will cause the aircraft can fly (also known as Vr). The aircraft fly until reach initial climb distance 35 feet. There are lots of factors that can be effect on takeoff performance. Major factor is aircraft weight. The weight of the aircraft will effect on takeoff distance and the takeoff speed. Because of heavier weight, the aircraft require more lift force to attaint fly by increasing the speed to produce high pressure at both wings. The limitation is set to ensure the aircraft is not overweight to operate safely. Before flight, make sure that the weight of aircraft no exceeds the maximum takeoff weight (MTOW). Based on the information of the aircraft, the engineer already set the maximum takeoff weight is 73 500 kg. Temperature can be affected takeoff performance. This is because the efficiency of engines it is depends on air temperature at surrounding. The high temperature can cause lower thrust generated by an engine. This happen because the totals drag it is more nearly of the total thrust. So, the aircraft need longer takeoff distance to attaint higher speed. At the origin airport, the temperature surrounding is about 30oC. That temperature is not too high so aircraft can takeoff with normal distance and speed. Flap setting also can be effect on takeoff performance. Because of flap setting give effect to aerodynamic drag. Usually, most of civil aircraft set the flap is about 10 to 15 degree during takeoff. The used of flap can reduce takeoff distance but increase in flap setting due to increase in drag. Increase in drag will decrease the angle of climb. So the aircraft need longer time to reach the level altitude. In addition, increasing takeoff distance will occur if the airframe contaminated by frost, ice or snow during takeoff and reduce takeoff performance. Climb Climb is after takeoff phase. Climb is an operation of aircraft increase the altitude until reach cruising level. Usually, commercial aircraft leaves the ground with rate of climb 257km/h and at 15 degrees angles of climb. To ensure the aircraft climb with the shortest distance and time, the angle of climb and rate of climb must be calculate before flight. This is important to know the angle and rate of climb to ensure the aircraft extremely maintain lift until reach cruising altitude with appropriate time and distance. The climb gradient is the ratio of height gained to the horizontal distance traveled by aircraft. It is depend on vary thrust, drag and mass of aircraft. To ensure the aircraft climb, the total thrust must be greater than total of drag. Thats mean the aircraft can fly if the excess thrust produce. Below is the calculation of climb gradient that I had been made in this aircraft. The thrust, drag and weight of aircraft are 49400 lb, 34580 lb and 162040 lb. Formula for climb gradient is (thrust drag) / weight Climb gradient: (49400-34580)/162040 : 0.091 The angle of climb is the angle between heights gained to the horizontal distance traveled by aircraft during climb. Below is the calculation for angle of climb. The formula of angle of climb Angle of climb: = sin-1 (thrust drag/weight) = sin-1 (49400-34580)/162040) = 5.22 The rate of climb is the vertical component of the speed, expressed in feet per minute. It depends on the airspeed (V) and the angle of climb or climb gradient. The rate of climb is important to ensure aircraft reach cruising altitude in the shortest time. Below is the calculation for rate of climb. The information is same with the calculation in above and the velocity of the aircraft is 438 knots. The formula in this calculation is V x (Thrust Drag) / Weight. Rate of climb: ROC = V (thrust drag/weight) ROC = 438 (49400-34580)/162040) ROC = 39.86 Cruise Cruise is a phase where the aircraft pass through the climb phase and ends when the aircraft descent for landing is initiated. Cruise also define where the flight journey are between climb and descent phase. Cruising altitude is determine by the pilot refer to flight planned and approved by air traffic control. After aircraft reached cruising altitude, the pilot may decrease the power to reduce fuel consumption and maintain the flight level. To maintain the flight level, the amount of lift is equal with the amount of weight. Mostly, the large aircraft fly around 35 000 ft and can be vary with the types of aircraft, length of flight, weather conditions, air turbulence and the location of other aircraft in the air. The largest percentages of trip time and trip fuel are consumed typically in cruise phase. The amount of fuel burn and total time can change by speed of aircraft and altitude that pilot selected. There are three options to identify the best range cruise, speed cruise and the best endurance cruise. Range is defined as distances of journey rely on the amount of fuel available. The maximum range of an aircraft is possible distance depend the maximum amount of fuel can be inserted. Specific range is the range performance of the aircraft at a moment in time. The specific range of this aircraft calculated below: given the total of fuel are 17 091 kg. Specific range = knot/fuel flow = 438/2600 = 0.17 = 0.17 17091 = 2905.47 km Endurance is the time that aircraft can remain airborne with the fuel available. It also defines as how long the time of an aircraft in the sky with the fuel available. It will be greatest when the fuel is used at the lowest possible rate. That mean the fuel flow used is minimum. Below is the calculation of specific endurance. Specific endurance = flight hours/fuel flow = 1.41/0.72 = 1.96 Descent Descent is defined where an aircraft decrease the altitude. Aircraft descent phase begin after an aircraft passed cruising phase and end when the aircraft approaching for landing phase. During descent, the aircraft altitude decrease slightly by reducing the thrust and power. When the aircraft speed decrease will make less of lift. Thus the aircraft will lower their altitude until reach approaching phase. The climb should be thrust greater than drag to produce excess thrust, but fly descent the aircraft drag must be greater than thrust to produce excess drag. To operated efficiency when descent, the top of descent point must be determine by flight crew to ensure that the aircraft is in correct level to start the descent phase. Top of descent point is a point at which the descent is initiated from the cruising level. Determine for top of descent point is based on the ratio 3:1 which means aircraft will require three nautical miles distance for every one thousand feet of aircraft altitude above ground. Based on this assignment, the flight level of that journey is 36000 feet. Refer to the ratio, 36000 feet is divided to 1000 equal to 36. Then 36 are multiply by 3 equal to 108. That mean 108 NM is needed for fly descent to the ground. During descent, pilot must consider of the descent gradient, angle of descent and the rate of descent. This is important to reduce descent distance thus reduce fuel consumptions. Descent gradient is the ratio of height descended to distance travelled by aircraft. The amount of drag must be greater than thrust, thus excess drag is produced. The formula of descent gradient is (drag-thrust)/weight. The drag, thrust, weight of aircraft are 34580lb, 24206lb and 162040 kg. Descent gradient = (34580 24206)/ 162040 = 0.064 Angle of descent also important to control the descent angle by reducing engine power and pitch angle. The pilot should make sure that the angle is correct by determine the appropriate angle. The formula is sin-1(Drag- Thrust) / Weight. a = sin-1 (34580 24206)/ 162040 = 3.67 The rate of descent is the vertical component of the speed, expressed in feet per minute. It depends on the true airspeed (V) and the descent gradient according the formula V (Drag Thrust) / Weight. The true airspeed of the aircraft is 438 knots. Rate of descent = 438 (34580 24206)/ 162040 = 28.032 Approach Approach also called final approach or final leg begins several miles from the airport. Final approach starts after the aircraft passed descent and end when the aircraft nearest to the airport for landing. In this phase, the approaching aircraft require from air traffic control to control and separated the aircraft within the same area either other aircraft leaves from airport or comes to airport. The appropriate aircraft speed for approaching about 121 knot to 140 knots to the ground. The operate smoothly when approach, the pilot must set the flap between 10 to 15 degrees and set full flap when the aircraft close to land. This is important to increase the drag so the speed of aircraft will reduce, thus the altitude also reduce. Before aircraft touch down the runway, make sure that the landing gear lowered at about 5nm from the touch down. So that, landing gear will increase the drag and make aircraft slowest. Approach slope is path of the aircraft follow its final approach till landing on a runway. Approach slope basically as the aircraft path slightly downward slope. A commonly used approach slope is 3Â ° from the horizontal. But they may vary steeper approach paths at every airport where depending on topography, buildings, or other considerations. The term glide slope is often applied to mean approach slope although to be correct it applies to the vertical guidance element of the Instrument Landing System. Landing Landing is the last part of the aircraft that return to the ground. It is a phase after an aircraft is passed through final approach. Landing phase begins from certain height around 35 feet to 50 feet to the ground. Mostly, the aircraft landing with the speed around 190km/h relative to the ground until it touch down on runway. The parts of landing consist of airborne segment; touchdown and ground roll which the point of aircraft stop on runway. When the landing gear touch the runway, the pilot may quickly do several actions by pulling back the throttles, deploy the spoilers, applying reverse thrust of the engine and applying the brakes. The spoiler used during landing is for disrupt airflow to reduce lift and create drag, thus the speed will reduce quickly. Where applying brake are to make aircraft stop with efficiently and less landing distance. Before aircraft landing, aircrew must make sure that the minimum landing distance is less than the distance runway available. Also it is im portant to determine the weight of the aircraft in not exceed the maximum landing weight. Based on this assignment, the minimum landing distance require on this aircraft is about 1899 meter. The research that I have been made, the destination airport, Jakarta Airport has a distance runway 3600 meter on the runway 07R/25L. So, the aircraft is able to land safely on that runway. Other that, the weight of the aircraft is not exceeding maximum landing weight which is the maximum landing weight of this aircraft is 64 500 kg. There are many factors that can be affected on the landing performance. The distance required for landing is related to aircraft ground speed on landing. Thus increased landing speed will give a significantly increased landing distance requirement. The aircraft mass also can effect of landing performance. This is because increasing the mass will reduce the deceleration force and thus increases the landing distance. However, the major effect is that the landing distance required will increase with increasing mass. Conclusion As a conclusion, mass and performance is related to each other to ensure the aircraft always in safe condition during operation. To generate safety, every flight profile must be a calculation before the aircraft start to fly. In preflight, calculation of maximum payload is very importance to ensure aircraft is not overloaded. Serious problem occurs if the aircraft is overloaded such as need long distance to takeoff, poor performance and also may cause the aircraft stall when climb. In climb phase, calculation for angle of climb and rate of climb is important to get the best angle and speed for climb to be able aircraft reach the level altitude with minimum of time. When the aircraft reached level altitude or cruise, a calculation for range is important to get the best range of aircraft with the minimum of fuel consumption. With minimum of fuel burned, thus the aircraft will get the long distance and could save the economy. In descent and approach phase, require calculation to be dete rmining what the angle and rate for descent and also the distance the destination. Minimum time is necessary to reach the airport and avoid congestion in air traffic while to perform safe operation. The analyzing that I had been made, the higher percentage of aircraft accidents occur due to human error. Thus, precise calculations required in every of flight phase to prevent accidents happens. Bibliography Websites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_family http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/a320/ http://www.flightglobal.com/directory/ Books Mass Balance and Performance by Jeppesen GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany 2001

Tim Burtons style Essay --

Tim burton is inventive when he directs movies that are not mainstream.In the movies Charlie and the chocolate factory and Edward scissorhands, Tim Burton uses shots and framing, sound, and lighting to create hesitancy and anxiety in the audience. Tim Burton keeps his audience on their toes through the whole movie. Suspense is around every corner. Shots and framing is one cinematic technique that Tim Burton using in his movies. Tim Burton in Edward Scissorhands uses extreme close-ups to create worry in his audience example when Peg turned her mirror and sees Edwards house all you can see is just what she can see, and we can anticipate that she is going to go to his house. This creates a dark and worryfull feeling because we can see just his house alone ,dark on the hill. Tim Burton in Edward Scissorhands use is shot reverse shot and the opening scene when we see both point of views from the grandma looking at Edwards house, Edwards view looking out at them. This makes the reader have anxiety because they want to know more about Edward and why is snow is because of him or why dark ...